Let’s play! Today will will explore who the Aztec were and how, in 1325, they founded a city in a most unusual place that, by 1500, became one of the largest and most beautiful city in the world.

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As you probably remember from my last post about the pilgrimage, that it took Aztec roughly 50 years after their arrival into the Valley of Mexico, to settle. It is possible, that the tribes controlling the valley, were not excited about sharing the land with new arrivals. That might explain why the only available lands were the islands. However dim the Aztec situation looked at the time, the not-so-desirable location turned out to be a blessing.

The first rule of survival is sustainable food production. Aztec caught fish and duck, but the island wasn’t big enough to support agriculture of corn, beans, amaranth, squash, chili or chia. They had to figure out how to grow food on water. And they did! Could it be due to their fish-rich diet?

Aztec came up with an idea of floating gardens. First, you weave a mat out of reeds, which are plenty, then you anchor the mat with a fresh tree branch from a willow tree, which are plenty, to prevent the mat from drifting away, and, last, you scoop mud from the bottom of the lake, thanks for the shallow lake Texcoco, onto the mat and plant seeds in it.

This technique ended up to be revolutionary, giving many advantages over growing on land. The first one Aztec experienced right away. With the mats floating on top of the water, you never have to water the plants, as their roots are always within water reach. This along removed dependance on rain, allowing the farmers to collect very high crop yields with up to four crops a year. Aztec never had to experience soil depletion as many different plants shared the same lake water that served as a good fertilizer. But wait, there is more! With time even willow tree branches that were holding the mats took root, turning the floating gardens into the floating islands. That is when Aztec realized that they could shape the land in any way they desired. It must felt pure magic to them.

Quest #1: Visits the World Heritage Site of Xochimilco. This network of canals is part of a 400-acre ecological park what remains of the lake, boats, and floating gardens of the ancient Tenochtitlán. Xochimilco's farms still farm the old way.

With food crisis avoided and new technique to “grow” the land, Aztec set about building their city. It was a matter of time when Aztec became the wealthiest tribe in the valley with lots of time on their hands for building what would become the largest and most beautiful city in the world.

The city was thoughtfully built with a symmetry. All constructions had to be approved by the city planning committee.

Three wide causeways or raised roads connected the island to the mainland in the north, south, and west directions. For strategical purposes (Aztecs already made enemies, remember the last post?) the causeways were interrupted by bridges (simple wood planks, really) that were removed at night. The bridges also allowed canoes to pass freely.

Two aqueducts were built, each more than 4 km (2.5 mi) long, to provided the city with fresh water from Chapultepec water spring.

The city had about 45 public buildings, temples, and palaces. The largest ceremonial center was at the Great Temple, dedicated to the gods of war and rain. There were also the temple of the Serpent, the Sun Temple and some minor temples, a ball game court, a platform for the gladiatorial sacrifice, a zoo, a botanical garden, schools, museums, public parks, a library, markets. Willow trees that anchored the island and more trees planted on top of buildings, provided great protection from sun, creating a microclimate of a lush and cool oasis.

In 1519, when Spanish Conquistadors saw Tenochtitlán for the first time, the city struck awe with them. Here is how it is described by one of the solder under Cortes command.

“… we were amazed and said that it was like the enchantments… on account of the great towers and cues and buildings rising from the water, and all built of masonry. And some of our soldiers even asked whether the things that we saw were not a dream?…

Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The Conquest of New Spain

Quest #2: The last Aztec emperor Montezuma II 's Palace stood where is now the National Palace (Free). Visit the building in search for Diego Rivera Murals (painted between 1929 and 1951). Can you find the one of the Great Tenochtitlán?

Besides being the most unusual city in the world, it was also one of the largest, with estimation of more than 250 thousand inhabitants in 1519, and the population of the Valley of Mexico is estimated to be about one million. In comparison, at that time London had population of 50 thousand inhabitants, Paris – 185 thousands, Constantinople – 200 thousands, Beijing – 672 thousands. Today, after 500 years of challenging history, Mexico City again is among the largest. In 2020, Greater Mexico City was rated the 6th largest metropolitan area in the world.

Do you like my posts? What until you see my quests! If you ever decide to visit Acadia National Park, check out my book available on Amazon as paperback and Kindle editions. Buy a book, change a life! Thank you for your support and patronage.

Copyright © 2022 by E.Gra. Unless otherwise noted, all rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, no part of this work may be reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the author’s prior written consent.

Let’s play! Today will will explore who the Aztec were and how they founded a city in a most unusual place that would become one of the largest and most beautiful city in the world.

If you find my work worthwhile, drop me a few 🪙🪙🪙 Venmo Me It will allow me to keep writing content like this!

Aztecs were the last ones to migrate into the Valley of Mexico about 750 years ago. For the last 200 years they were on a pilgrimage. Aztec most important deity God of War and Sun Huitzilopochtli sent them in search for a site of a great city. Huitzilopochtli told that they will know the spot when they see an eagle with a snake in its beak perched atop a cactus.

Seven original tribes left on the pilgrimage from the arid lands in the North of the valley. 200 years of wandering around is a long time! They learned along their journey: how to search for food and water, how to hunt and how to trade. They were poor if you only measure their belongings. And they did not speak the valley language when the tribes finally stumbled into it from the north.

Quest #1: Visit the Tacubaya subway station (line 1, 7, and 9). Locate mural Guillermo Ceniceros "Del Códice al Mural". It depicts the pilgrimage of the Aztec from their departure from Aztlán to their arrival in the Valley of Mexico. Can you find Huitzilopochtli? What animal represents the Earth?

The valley of Mexico supported many tribes living around the lakes at the time of Aztecs arrival. The locals continued to practice the ancient codices (painted books with mystical and spiritual laws of the world and life) of Toltecs, even though it was roughly 500 years after the collapse of the Toltec civilization and the Toltec practices were somewhat degraded.

Remember QuetzalCóatl or Feathered Serpent and his promise to return? He was part a bird and part a snake. And, what about Huitzilopochtli’s sign for showing the site of a future great city? It was an eagle with a snake in its beak. Coincidence?

In the first 50 years after their arrival, Aztecs traveled through the valley, learned the local language, the ancient codices and gods of Toltecs, adapted to whatever was left from the Toltec culture, made alliances and enemies, and, finally in 1325, they fulfilled the prophecy. Aztecs witnessed an eagle with a snake in its beak perched atop a cactus. There, they settled, founding a City of Tenochtitlán. This prophecy is now immortalized in Mexico’s coat of arms and on the Mexican flag.

Quest #2: While walking around the Historic Center main square, locate a fountain that depicts the moment of the prophecy fulfillment. How many Aztecs are in the composition?

Quest #3: (Bonus) Visit the Hidalgo subway station (line 2) and the Zócalo subway station (line 2). Look for decorative panels with murals that depict the pilgrimage of the Aztec from their departure from Aztlán to their arrival in the Valley of Mexico. Can you find the Mexico's coat of arms?

And, remember to take at least one picture with the most important symbol of Mexico. Here is my picture. What is yours?

Do you like my posts? What until you see my quests! If you ever decide to visit Acadia National Park, check out my book available on Amazon as paperback and Kindle editions. Buy a book, change a life! Thank you for your support and patronage.

Copyright © 2022 by E.Gra. Unless otherwise noted, all rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, no part of this work may be reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the author’s prior written consent.

The idea of QuetzalCóatl and its return is a great part of the beliefs of people of Mexico. Let’s discover who was QuetzalCóatl, why was he important and how you can spot it while in Mexico.

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You might remember that the Valley of Mexico is surrounded by mountains with two prominent volcanos: Iztaccíhuatl (White Woman) and Popocatépetl (Smoking Mountain), with Popocatépetl is being the most active volcano in Mexico. The valley is also prone to strong earthquakes due to its location on the edges of three colliding tectonic plates. No wonder that the valley’s tribes had complex religious beliefs, worshipping large pantheon of gods. Their Earth Goddess, symbol of the creation and distraction, was represented as a Serpent (Cóatl). With all that ground trembling, you might believe that you are living on an enormous snake.

Aztecs were the last ones to migrate into the Valley of Mexico about 750 years ago. While wandering around the valley looking for a place to settle, they discovered that all tribes still practice the ancient codices of Toltecs, the books of laws that survived after the collapse of the Toltec civilization roughly 500 years ago. Strangely, in today multi-ethnic mosaic of 62 Aboriginal peoples of the nation of Mexico, not one is of Toltec. If they were people with a major culture, they should be able to survive. It is because the Toltec have never been about people or culture. The Toltec were always about a wisdom, a way of life, a religion of sort.

“Tolteca” was a word for a wise man. There were Olmec Toltec and Maya Toltec. There were Toltec in every culture, who studied energy around themselves and taught harmony and balance. Conquest and cultural unity were not part of Toltec way of life, as it did not set restrictions on languages, religious manifestations, architecture, art, food or clothing. The Toltec allowed all peoples to be different, while only aligning their moral values and principles.

Well, more than a thousand years ago Toltec already practiced the white magic of healing and studied such non-materialistic concepts as freedom and suppression, fear and envy. They taught peace, promoted no conflicts or weapon development. No new weapons were developed besides the bow and the arrow, the spear and the shield, the mallet and the sling that existed since prehistory. It is believed that the Toltec discovered medicine, designed the calendar system, and even created the Nahuatl language.

The Toltec highest teacher was virtuous and spiritual Quetzal (Feathered) Cóatl (Serpent). His upper body symbolizes the sky, and the spirit, represented by the Quetzal, a bird that flies high. His low body symbolizes the earth, and the matter, represented by Cóatl, a serpent. He was the representation of his teaching – the unity and balance between spirit and matter. Feathered Serpent had his university set in town of Cholula, the heart of the Tolmec empire. People from all over Mexico including the Mayan, the Oaxacans, the Purépechas, the Tlaxcaltecas and the Chichimeca came to study there.

One day, Feathered Serpent abandoned his people. The legend tells us that due to increased seismic activity in the region, people became scared and some demanded human sacrifices to appease the gods. The bloody ritual of human sacrifices was prohibited by Feathered Serpent. So, he left promising to return and restore harmony and balance of the land in the year One Cane. With his departure, Toltec knowledge centers were destroyed. Some codices survived, but without guidance in deciphering the teaching, the knowledge became somewhat lost and degraded. With time, ruling families took more control, the lands were divided, which brought conflicts and wars.

The year One Cane repeats every 52 years. Since Feathered Serpent departure, people of Mexica were waiting for him to return. For them, QuetzalCóatl represents the hopes for a brighter future, when finally everything that is wrong with the society today would be set right.

Quest #1: Now, you have the knowledge to spot QuetzalCóatl on archeological sites and in the local art throughout the Mexico. Can you take a picture with this important symbol? It will bring you luck in your future. Here is my picture. Let's see yours.

Do you like my posts? What until you see my quests! If you ever decide to visit Acadia National Park, check out my book available on Amazon as paperback and Kindle editions. Buy a book, change a life! Thank you for your support and patronage.

Copyright © 2022 by E.Gra. Unless otherwise noted, all rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, no part of this work may be reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the author’s prior written consent.